Scotland's Wars of Independence C13th
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Edward I of England, was determined to unite Scotland and England. He proposed marriage between his son Edward and the 8-year-old Maid of Norway. This little queen died of seasickness on her way to Britain, and Edward declared himself to be overlord of Scotland. The strongest claimants to the Scottish throne, were John Balliol, son of the regent, and Robert Bruce. Both were Anglo Norman nobles with estates in England and Scotland, given to their ancestors by David 1. They were descended from David's youngest son and had both fought in Edward's army. |
Edward came north in 1291 and awarded the crown to John Balliol in Berwick Castle, thinking he could be more easily manipulated than Robert Bruce. He then ordered Balliol to pay homage to the English throne and accept himself (Edward) as Scotland's overlord. He also wanted Scotland to support him in invading France. This was too much for Balliol and he prepared to invade England. Edward was supported by many of the Scottish nobles who owned estates in England, including Robert Bruce and he defeated Balliol who was forced to renounce his crown.
Edward, 'The Hammer of the Scots', progressed through Scotland, compelling nobles and lairds to sign a roll, 'Me Ragman's Roll. This acknowledged him to be their king. He returned to England, taking with him what he thought to be the Stone of Destiny, brought from Ireland seven centuries earlier and believed to embody special powers of sovereignty. It had always been used in the coronation of Scottish kings. Edward was convinced he had finally conquered Scotland.
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